Polyp (medicine)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Classification and external resources
For information on another disease, click on Digestive Diseases Library.
Polyp of sigmoid colon as revealed by colonoscopy. Approximately 1 cm in diameter. The polyp was removed by snare cautery
ICD-10
K63.5 & various
MedlinePlus
000266
eMedicine
med/414
MeSH
C23.300.825
A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. If it is attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk it is said to be pedunculated. If no stalk is present it is said to be sessile. Polyps are commonly found in the colon, stomach, nose, sinus(es), urinary bladder and uterus. They may also occur elsewhere in the body where mucous membranes exist like the cervix[1] and small intestine.
Contents[hide]
1 Colorectal polyp
1.1 Inherited polyposis syndromes
1.2 Non-inherited polyposis syndromes
1.3 Types of colon polyps
2 Endometrial polyp
3 Nasal polyp
4 Cervical polyp
5 Footnotes
6 External links
//
[edit] Colorectal polyp
Main article: Colorectal polyp
Colon polyps are uncommonly associated with symptoms. Occasionally rectal bleeding, and on rare occasions pain, diarrhea or constipation may occur because of colon polyps. Colon polyps are a concern because of the potential for colon cancer being present microscopically and the risk of benign colon polyps transforming over time into malignant ones. Since most polyps are asymptomatic, they are usually discovered at the time of colon cancer screening with either digital rectal exam (DRE), flexible sigmoidoscopy, Barium enema, colonoscopy or virtual colonoscopy. The polyps are routinely removed at the time of colonoscopy either with a polypectomy snare (first description by P. Deyhle, Germany, 1970[2]) or with biopsy forceps. If an adenomatous polyp is found with flexible sigmoidoscopy or if a polyp is found with any other diagnostic modality, the patient must undergo colonoscopy for removal of the polyp(s). Even though colon cancer is usually not found in polyps smaller than 2.5 cm, all polyps found are removed since the removal of polyps reduces the future likelihood of developing colon cancer. When adenomatous polyps are removed, a repeat colonoscopy is usually performed in three to five years.
Most colon polyps can be categorized as sporadic.
[edit] Inherited polyposis syndromes
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Turcot syndrome
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Cowden disease
Bannayan-Zonana syndrome
[edit] Non-inherited polyposis syndromes
Cronkhite-Canada disease
[edit] Types of colon polyps
Malignant
Adenomatous
Hamartomatous
Hyperplastic
Inflammatory
[edit] Endometrial polyp
Main article: Endometrial polyp
An endometrial polyp or uterine polyp is a polyp or lesion in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) that takes up space within the uterine cavity. Commonly occurring, they are experienced by up to 10% of women.[3] They may have a large flat base (sessile) or be attached to the uterus by an elongated pedicle (pedunculated).[3][4] Pedunculated polyps are more common that sessile ones.[5] They range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters.[4] If pedunculated, they can protrude through the cervix into the vagina.[3][6] Small blood vessels may be present in polyps, particularly large ones.[3]
[edit] Nasal polyp
Main article: Nasal polyp
[edit] Cervical polyp
Main article: Cervical polyp
A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumor on the surface of the cervical canal.[7] They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding or increased pain but often show no symptoms.[3] Treatment consists of simple removal of the polyp and prognosis is generally good.[8] About 1% of cervical polyps will show neoplastic change which may lead to cancer.[9] They are most common in post-menstrual, pre-menopausal women who have given birth.[10]
[edit] Footnotes
^ Weschler, Toni (2002). Taking Charge of Your Fertility (Revised ed.). New York: HarperCollins. pp. 227–8, 330. ISBN 0-06-093764-5.
^ Deyhle P (1980). "Results of endoscopic polypectomy in the gastrointestinal tract". Endoscopy (Suppl): 35–46. PMID 7408789.
^ a b c d e Bates, Jane (2007). Practical Gynaecological Ultrasound. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 1900151510. http://www.google.co.uk/books?id=oZ3RYlRAoxgC&pg=PP1&d.
^ a b "Uterine polyps". MayoClinic.com. 2006-04-27. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/uterine-polyps/DS00699/DSECTION=1. Retrieved on 2007-10-20.
^ Sternberg, Stephen S.; Stacey E. Mills, Darryl Carter (2004). Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 2460. ISBN 0781740517. http://www.google.co.uk/books?id=ko3Hew4xaj4C&d.
^ "Dysmenorrhea: Menstrual abnormalities". Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 2005. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec18/ch244/ch244d.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-20.
^ Boon, Mathilde E.; Albert J. H. Suurmeijer (1996). The Pap Smear. Taylor & Francis. p. 87. ISBN 3718658577. http://books.google.com/books?id=umcl4R3sp2AC&pg=PA87&d.
^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Cervical polyps
^ Tillman, Elizabeth. "Short Instructor Materials" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:7uWWuX7sq-4J:www.cdc.gov/DES/hcp/resources/materials/clinician_short_inst.pdf+%22cervical+polyp%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=uk. Retrieved on 2007-10-21.
^ Bosze, Peter; David M. Luesley (2004). Eagc Course Book on Colposcopy. Informa Health Care. p. 66. ISBN 9630073560. http://books.google.com/books?id=bg6FxsY1xTUC&pg=PA66&d.
[edit] External links
ASGE Website dedicated to colon cancer awareness and early detection.
ASGE Website educating the public about endoscopy.
National Institutes of Health polyp website
Thorough review of polyposis syndromes by Dr. Ali Nawaz Khan with CME available
Explanation of colon polyps and colon cancer in lay terms.
"How I Do It" — Removing large or sessile colonic polyps. Dr. Brian Saunders MD FRCP; St. Mark’s Academic Institute; Harrow, Middlesex, UK. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
[show]
v • d • eDigestive system · Digestive disease · Gastroenterology (primarily K20-K93, 530-579)
Upper GI tract
Esophagus
Esophagitis (Candidal) · rupture (Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) · UES (Zenker's diverticulum) · LES (Barrett's esophagus) · Esophageal motility disorder (Nutcracker esophagus, Achalasia, Diffuse esophageal spasm, GERD) · Esophageal stricture · Megaesophagus
Stomach
Gastritis (Atrophic, Ménétrier's disease, Gastroenteritis) · Peptic (gastric) ulcer (Cushing ulcer, Dieulafoy's lesion) · Dyspepsia · Pyloric stenosis · Achlorhydria · Gastroparesis · Gastroptosis · Portal hypertensive gastropathy · Gastric antral vascular ectasia · Gastric dumping syndrome · Gastric volvulus
Intestinal/enteropathy
Small intestine/(duodenum/jejunum/ileum)
Enteritis (Duodenitis, Jejunitis, Ileitis) — Peptic (duodenal) ulcer (Curling's ulcer) — Malabsorption: Coeliac · Tropical sprue · Blind loop syndrome · Whipple's · Short bowel syndrome · Steatorrhea · Milroy disease
Large intestine(appendix/colon)
Appendicitis · Colitis (Pseudomembranous, Ulcerative, Ischemic, Microscopic, Collagenous, Lymphocytic) · Functional colonic disease (IBS, Intestinal pseudoobstruction/Ogilvie syndrome) — Megacolon/Toxic megacolon · Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis
Large and/or small
Enterocolitis (Necrotizing) · IBD (Crohn's disease) — vascular: Abdominal angina · Mesenteric ischemia · Angiodysplasia — Bowel obstruction: Ileus · Intussusception · Volvulus · Fecal impaction — Constipation · Diarrhea (Infectious)
Rectum
Proctitis (Radiation proctitis) · Proctalgia fugax · Rectal prolapse
Anus
Anal fissure/Anal fistula · Anal abscess · Anal dysplasia · Pruritus ani
Accessory
Liver
Hepatitis (Viral hepatitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Alcoholic hepatitis) · Cirrhosis (PBC) · Fatty liver (NASH) · vascular (Hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Portal hypertension, Nutmeg liver) · Alcoholic liver disease · Liver failure (Hepatic encephalopathy, Acute liver failure) · Liver abscess (Pyogenic, Amoebic) · Hepatorenal syndrome · Peliosis hepatis
Gallbladder
Cholecystitis · Gallstones/Cholecystolithiasis · Cholesterolosis · Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses · Postcholecystectomy syndrome
Bile duct/other biliary tree
Cholangitis (PSC, Secondary sclerosing cholangitis, Ascending) · Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome · Biliary fistula · Haemobilia · Gallstones/Cholelithiasiscommon bile duct (Choledocholithiasis, Biliary dyskinesia)
Pancreatic
Pancreatitis (Acute, Chronic, Hereditary) · Pancreatic pseudocyst · Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency · Pancreatic fistula
Hernia
Diaphragmatic: Congenital diaphragmatic · Hiatus — Abdominal hernia: Inguinal (Indirect, Direct) · Umbilical · Incisional · Femoral — Obturator hernia · Spigelian hernia · Internal hernia
Peritoneal
Peritonitis (Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) · Hemoperitoneum · Pneumoperitoneum
GI bleeding/BIS
Upper (Hematemesis, Melena) · Lower (Hematochezia)
See also: congenital and neoplasia
[show]
v • d • ePathology: Tumor, Neoplasm, Cancer, and Oncology (C00-D48, 140-239)
Benign tumors
Hyperplasia · Cyst · Pseudocyst · Hamartoma
Malignant progression
Dysplasia · Carcinoma in situ · Cancer · Metastasis
Topography
Oral · Head/Neck · Nasopharyngeal · Digestive system · Respiratory system · Bone · Skin · Blood · Urogenital · Nervous system · Endocrine system
Histology
Carcinoma · Sarcoma · Papilloma · Adenoma
Misc.
Tumor suppressor genes/oncogenes · Staging/grading · Carcinogenesis · Carcinogen · Research · Precancerous condition · Paraneoplastic syndrome · List of oncology-related terms
